Analysis of Self-Perceived Physical Fitness of Physical Education Students in Public Schools in Extremadura (Spain).

Adolescence is a stage of crucial physiological and psychological changes within the individual's life cycle, where fitness work is important. With self-perception being crucial in relation to adolescent health and well-being, a positive perception of fitness is directly related to increased practice or higher level of physical activity (PA). Thus, the aims were: (1) to analyze, with the Visual Analogue Fitness Perception Scale for Adolescents (FP VAS A), the self-perceived physical fitness (PF) of high school students, (2) to investigate if there are differences according to sex and school location, and (3) to study the correlations between the items of the FP VAS A with age and body mass index (BMI). For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was designed with a total of 961 participants, 48.8% boys and 51.2% girls in secondary education, where 31.9% studied in rural schools and 68.1% in urban schools. The FP VAS A scale was used to assess self-reported PF. Regarding the results, there were statistically significant differences between sexes (p < 0.001), with boys showing higher scores than girls in all the items of the FP VAS A scale, with the exception of global flexibility. Inverse, mean and significant correlations were established between BMI and self-perceived overall PF (r = -0.202; p < 0.001), cardiorespiratory endurance (r = -0.226; p < 0.001) and movement speed (r = -0.268; p < 0.001). Between age and self-perceived cardiorespiratory endurance (r = -0.138; p < 0.001) an inverse, mean and significant correlation was also observed. In conclusion, boys showed a better self-perception of PF than girls for all physical abilities, with the exception of flexibility. School location was not shown to influence students' self-perceived PF. In addition, most of the self-perceived PF abilities for overall fitness correlated inversely with BMI.

Evaluation of Attitudes toward Corporal Expression in Primary School Students: Validation and Psychometric Properties of a Questionnaire.

The content of corporal expression, usually forgotten by some teachers, has been shown to have favorable effects on the physical, social, and psychological health of students at all levels of education. Likewise, students' attitudes should be positively influenced in the school environment in order to improve the teaching-learning process of the different contents taught. The purpose of this study was to provide the factor structure and validity of a questionnaire used to gauge pupils' attitudes toward corporal expression. The sample consisted of 709 students in the last cycle of primary school from schools in the region of Extremadura (Spain). Reliability testing as well as confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted. The findings revealed a factor structure with three dimensions composed of 30 items with high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85-0.90) and good and exceptional goodness-of-fit values. As a result, the questionnaire can be seen as a quick and simple instrument to use in analyzing students' attitudes toward corporal expression and enabling stakeholders to take action to support it.

Effects of a Six-Week International Tour on the Physical Performance and Body Composition of Young Chilean Tennis Players.

In tennis, it is common for young male tennis players to spend several weeks away from their local training camps during the competition season, which could affect their performance. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effects of a six-week international tour on physical performance and body composition in young Chilean tennis players. Twenty-four men between the ages of 14 and 16 participated in this research. In body composition and anthropometric measurement, body weight, height, skinfolds, and perimeters were measured. Body fat percentage (BFP) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were calculated. For physical performance, 5-m and 10-m sprints, modified agility test (MAT test), countermovement jump (CMJ), and medicine ball throw (MBT) were evaluated. Results show that, in body composition, BFP and SMM significantly decreased post-tour (p < 0.05; effect sizes ranging from 0.23 to 0.33, respectively). In physical performance, agility and 5-m and 10-m sprints significantly decreased (p < 0.05, effect sizes ranging from −0.63 to 1.10). We conclude that after a six-week international tour, BFP, SMM, agility, and speed (linear sprint) tend to decrease significantly, with a greater effect in the sprint tests.

Entrenamiento intervalado de alta-intensidad en el adulto mayor sano. Una revisión sistemática / High-intensity interval training in the healthy elderly. A systematic review

Introducción: Debido a los cambios demográficos de fecundidad y mortalidad se predice que en el año 2050 la proporciónde la población mundial de 60 años y más, aumentará del 11% al 22%.Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento intervalado de alta-intensidad en el adulto mayor sano. Material y método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las siguientes bases de datos Pubmed, Scielo y ScienceDirect,con la utilización de los términos boleanos High-intensity Interval excercise OR High-intensity interval training OR high intensityinterval activity AND aged OR older adult OR elderly. Se utilizó la estrategia PICoR para definir criterios de elegibilidad (P) Adultosmayores sanos, (I) Utilizar Entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad (HIIT), (C) ser sometidos a evaluación mediante la escalade PEDRO y obtener en esta un puntaje igual o superior a 6 puntos, (O) efecto del entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensi-dad en el Adulto Mayor sano (S) estudios con grupos control u otras intervenciones, publicados entre los años 2016 a 2021.Resultados: Se identificaron 1.516 artículos, pero solo se incluyeron los que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión (7estudios). Se obtuvieron mejoras significativas en la calidad de sueño, fatiga y composición corporal combinando un entre-namiento HIIT con apoyo nutricional. Otras mejoras se obtuvieron en fuerza, hormonas anabólicas, lípidos en sangre, Vo2máx,tolerancia al ejercicio y PA sistólica solo utilizando entrenamiento HIIT.Conclusión: El entrenamiento HIIT adaptado, es aplicable a adultos mayores sanos y provoca mejoras significativas en estegrupo etario.(AU)

Introduction: Due to demographic changes in fertility and mortality, it is predicted that in 2050 the proportion of the worldpopulation aged 60 and over will increase from 11% to 22%.Objective: To analyze the effects of high-intensity interval training in healthy older adults. Material and method: A bibliographic search was carried out in the following Pubmed, Scielo and ScienceDirect databases,using the Boolean terms High-intensity interval excercise OR High-intensity interval training OR high intensity interval activityAND aged OR older adult OR elderly. The PICoR strategy was used to define eligibility criteria (P) Healthy Older Adults, (I) UseHigh Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), (C) be subjected to evaluation using the PEDRO scale and obtain a score equal to orgreater than 6 points, (O) effect of high-intensity interval training in Adults Healthy elderly (S) studies with control groups orother interventions, published between the years 2016 to 2021.Results: 1.516 articles were identified, but only those that met the inclusion criteria (7 studies) were included. Significantimprovements in sleep quality, fatigue, and body composition were obtained by combining HIIT training with nutritionalsupport. Other improvements were obtained in strength, anabolic hormones, blood lipids, VO2max, exercise tolerance, andsystolic BP using only HIIT training.Conclusion: The adapted HIIT training is applicable to healthy older adults and causes significant improvements in this agegroup.(AU)

Comparación de los métodos de antropometría y bioimpedancia eléctrica a través de la determinación de la composición corporal en estudiantado universitario / Comparison of the Methods of Anthropometry and Electrical Bioimpedance trough the Determination of Body Composition in University Students

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar la composición corporal por antropometría clásica e impedancia bioeléctrica en estudiantado universitario de una universidad peruana. Método: Estudio correlacional, transversal, conformado por 152 estudiantes (77 varones y 75 mujeres) matriculados en el ciclo 2018-II con edad promedio de 20.45 ± 3.63 años. Se calculó para el método de antropometría el índice de masa corporal, mediciones antropométricas y se utilizó la ecuación de Yuhasz (1974) para determinar el porcentaje de grasa corporal, y para el de bioimpedancia eléctrica se utilizó el analizador tetrapolar multifrecuencia de medición segmental directa Inbody 120. Para establecer la correlación se utilizó el coeficiente de Pearson y para la concordancia se utilizó el método gráfico de Bland Altman e índice de estabilidad. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico IBM SPSS Statistics, versión 27.0. Para todos los análisis se utilizó un nivel de significancia (p<0.05). Resultados: Existe una fuerte correlación estadísticamente significativa (p<0.01y r=0.95) entre los métodos de antropometría y bioimpedancia eléctrica para la determinación del porcentaje de grasa corporal; además, una buena concordancia según el método gráfico de Bland Altman, reforzada con el índice de estabilidad para complemento de la interpretación (IE= 95 %). Conclusiones: Ambos métodos son intercambiables entre sí, por lo que pueden ser usados indistintamente en este tipo de población para determinar el porcentaje de grasa corporal expresado en porcentaje.

Abstract Objective: The aim was to compare the body composition using classical anthropometry and bioelectric impedance in university students of a Peruvian university. Method: a correlational, cross-sectional study with a research sample of 152 students (77 men and 75 women) enrolled in the 2018-II period with an average age of 20.45 ± 3.63 years. The body mass index and anthropometric measurements were calculated for the anthropometric method. The Yuhasz (1974) equation was used to determine the body fat percentage. The electrical bioimpedance method implemented the tetrapolar multi-frequency direct segmental measurement analyzer Inbody 120. Pearson coefficient was used to establish the correlation, and the Bland Altman graphical method and stability index were used for concordance. The data were analyzed using the statistical software application IBM SPSS Statistics, version 27.0. A level of significance (p <0.05) was used for all analyzes. Results: there is a strong statistically significant correlation (p<0.01 and r = 0.95) between the anthropometric and electrical bioimpedance methods to determine body fat percentage. In addition, there is a good agreement according to the Bland Altman graphical method, reinforced by the stability index to complement the interpretation (IE = 95%). Conclusions: Both methods are interchangeable with each other, so they can be used indistinctly in this type of population to determine body fat percentage.

Resumo Objetivo: comparar a composição corporal por antropometria clássica e impedância bioelétrica em estudantes universitários de uma universidade peruana. Método: estudo correlacional, transversal, compreendendo 152 estudantes (77 homens e 75 mulheres) matriculados no ciclo 2018-II, com idade média de 20,45 ± 3,63 anos. Para o método antropométrico, o índice de massa corporal, as medidas antropométricas e a equação de Yuhasz (1974) foram calculados para determinar a porcentagem de gordura corporal; e para o método de bioimpedância elétrica foi usado o analisador tetrapolar multifrequencial com medida segmentar direta Inbody 120. O coeficiente de Pearson foi usado para estabelecer a correlação; o método gráfico Bland Altman e o índice de estabilidade foram usados para a concordância. Os dados foram analisados com o IBM SPSS Statistics, versão 27.0. Um nível de significância (p<0,05) foi usado para todas as análises. Resultados: há uma forte correlação estatística significativa (p<0,01 e r=0,95) entre os métodos de antropometria e bioimpedância elétrica para a determinação da porcentagem de gordura corporal; além disso, uma boa concordância de acordo com o método gráfico Bland Altman, reforçado com o índice de estabilidade para complementar a interpretação (IE= 95%). Conclusões: Ambos os métodos são intercambiáveis entre si, portanto, podem ser utilizados indistintamente nesse tipo de população para determinar a porcentagem de gordura corporal expressa como porcentagem.

Aerobic Training for Healthy Men and Women: Determining Intensities by Different Equations.

The aim of this study is to develop equations for aerobic exercise prescription for the intensities of 50, 60, 70 and 80% in healthy subjects of both sexes. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study with convenience sampling drawn from a database of 228 healthy subjects who were randomized into the regression group (GR: 197 subjects (male = 143 and female = 54)) and cross-validation group (CVG: 31 individuals [men = 20 and women = 11]). Kohavi's assumptions were followed in relation to cross-validation and bootstrap for precision estimation and model selection. The GR was used to build the estimation equations from the multiple linear regression. The CVG was determined to analyze the validity in the estimation equations. The equations to determine the intensities were constructed by means of multiple regression, the independent variables were determined by the stepwise method, observing the significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: The reliability level of Cronbach's alpha of the multiple linear regression equations was moderate for the intensity of 50% (0.51); for the intensities of 60, 70 and 80%, it corresponded to 0.50, 0.53 and 0.57, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results show that it is possible to apply the equations in the determination of aerobic exercise intensities for healthy individuals. However, the need for further studies in other populations to prove the reliability of the proposed equations is evident.

Estimated Oxygen Consumption with the Abbreviated Method and Its Association with Vaccination and PCR Tests for COVID-19 from Socio-Demographic, Anthropometric, Lifestyle, and Morbidity Outcomes in Chilean Adults.

COVID-19 causes cardiovascular and lung problems that can be aggravated by confinement, but the practice of physical activity (PA) could lessen these effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) with vaccination and PCR tests in apparently healthy Chilean adults. An observational and cross-sectional study was performed, in which 557 people from south-central Chile participated, who answered an online questionnaire on the control of COVID-19, demographic data, lifestyles, and diagnosis of non-communicable diseases. V˙O2max was estimated with an abbreviated method. With respect to the unvaccinated, those who received the first (OR:0.52 [CI:0.29;0.95], p = 0.019) and second vaccine (OR:0.33 [CI:0.18;0.59], p = 0.0001) were less likely to have an increased V˙O2max. The first vaccine was inversely associated with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min) (ß:−1.68 [CI:−3.06; −0.3], p = 0.017), adjusted for BMI (ß:−1.37 [CI:−2.71; −0.03], p = 0.044) and by demographic variables (ß:−1.82 [CI:−3.18; −0.46], p = 0.009); similarly occur for the second vaccine (ß: between −2.54 and −3.44, p < 0.001) on models with and without adjustment. Having taken a PCR test was not significantly associated with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min). It is concluded that vaccination significantly decreased V˙O2max, although it did not indicate cause and effect. There is little evidence of this interaction, although the results suggest an association, since V˙ O2max could prevent and attenuate the contagion symptoms and effects.

Efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento excéntrico sobre el rendimiento de velocidad en adolescentes de Chile / Effects of an Eccentric Training Protocol on Speed Performance in Chilean Adolescents

Resumen Introducción: Los beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la velocidad de carrera han sido descritos en la bibliografía especializada, sin embargo, la evidencia sobre la influencia de estímulos específicos, basados en contracciones excéntricas sobre la musculatura extensora de cadera, no han sido demostrados. Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento basado en contracciones excéntricas (curl nórdico) sobre la velocidad de carrera en 20 metros en adolescentes de la región de Ñuble, Chile. Metodología: 42 individuos escolares fueron divididos en grupo experimental (n=22) y grupo control (n=20). El entrenamiento se desarrolló durante 6 semanas, con una frecuencia de 2 sesiones/semana, pasando de un volumen de 8 a 32 repeticiones de curl nórdico por sesión para el grupo experimental. El rendimiento de velocidad fue evaluado en 20 metros. La prueba T de Student fue utilizada para comparar los resultados pre y post intervención y se calculó el tamaño del efecto (TE). Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) a partir de la intervención en el grupo experimental (pre= 3,43 s. vs post= 3,15 s.), y un TE grande (1,04). Conclusión: Se concluye que el entrenamiento excéntrico basado en la aplicación de Curl nórdico, mejora el rendimiento de la velocidad de carrera.

Abstract Introduction: The specialized literature has described the benefits of strength training on running speed. In the same way, stimulation of training based on eccentric contractions has been shown to be effective in improving this quality. Objective: To determine the effects of a training protocol based on the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and another on eccentric contractions (Nordic curl) on the running speed in 20 meters in adolescents from the Ñuble Region, Chile. Methodology: 42 school subjects were divided into experimental group (n = 22) and control group (n = 20). The training was developed for 6 weeks, with a frequency of 2 sessions/week, going from a volume of 8 to 32 repetitions of Nordic curl per session for the experimental group. The speed performance was evaluated in 20 meters. With photocells, the T Student's was applied to compare the pre- and post-intervention results, and the effect size (ES) was calculated. Results: Statistically significant differences were found (p <0.05) from the intervention in the experimental group (pre= 3,43 s. vs post= 3,15 s.), and a large ES (1,04). Conclusion: It is concluded that the eccentric training based on the application of Nordic Curl improves the performance of the running speed.

Resumo Introdução: Os benefícios do treinamento de força na velocidade de corrida foram descritos na literatura especializada, no entanto, não foram demonstradas evidências sobre a influência de estímulos específicos, baseados em contrações excêntricas na musculatura extensora do quadril. Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos de um protocolo de treinamento baseado em contrações excêntricas (cacho nórdico) em velocidade de corrida de 20 m em adolescentes da região do Ñuble, Chile. Metodologia: 42 escolares foram divididos em um grupo experimental (n=22) e um grupo controle (n=20). O treino foi desenvolvido durante 6 semanas, com uma frequência de 2 sessões/semana, passando de um volume de 8 para 32 repetições de ondulação nórdica por sessão para o grupo experimental. O desempenho da velocidade foi avaliado acima de 20 metros. O teste T de Student foi usado para comparar os resultados pré e pós-intervenção e o tamanho do efeito (TE) foi calculado. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) da intervenção no grupo experimental (pré= 3,43 s. vs pós= 3,15 s.), e um TE grande (1,04). Conclusão: Conclui-se que o treinamento excêntrico baseado na aplicação do Curl nórdico melhora o desempenho da velocidade de corrida.

Can the immunological system of the upper respiratory tract, improved by physical exercise, act as a first immunological barrier against SARS-CoV-2?

INTRODUCTION: The main route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is the upper respiratory tract via cell membranes, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane host-associated serine protease transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Both enzymes present in the nasal epithelium are the first direct point of contact for SARS-CoV-2. In this sense, the mucosal immune mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract, including immunoglobulin A (IgA), could be enhanced by physical exercise and be the first defense mechanism against the transmission and infection of SARS-CoV-2. AREAS COVERED: The authors reviewed recent biomedical literature available in databases related to the effects of exercise and training modalities on IgA concentration levels in the upper respiratory tract in different populations. EXPERT OPINION: According to the biomedical literature reviewed, physical exercise can decrease or improve the level of IgA concentrations. However, it is important to take into account factors such as training load, recovery during the exercise session and between training, as well as the exercise modality. Furthermore, the characteristics of the target population should be taken into account to maximize the adaptive immune response to adequately strengthen the upper respiratory tract and potentially be a barrier against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Efectos de la actividad física y hábitos alimenticios en los niveles de obesidad de niños entre 6 y 12 años: revisión sistemática / The effects of physical activity and eating habits on obesity levels among children aged between 6 and 12 years old: systematic review

Introducción: La actividad física y los hábitos alimentarios son variables a tener en cuenta para el análisis y corrección de los problemas de obesidad. El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar los efectos que tiene la actividad física y los hábitos alimentarios en los niveles de obesidad en niños entre 6 a 12 años de edad. Material y método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos WOS y SCOPUS. Los criterios de elegibilidad fueron establecidos en base al acrónimo PICOS: (P) niños de educación básica de entre 6 y 12 años de edad, (I) estudios que llevaran a cabo intervenciones del componente alimenticio, del componente de actividad física o una combinación de ambos. Esto en el ámbito escolar, deportivo y/o familiar, (C) ser sometidos a evaluación mediante la escala de PEDRO y obtener en esta un puntaje igual o superior a 7, (O) evaluar el efecto de los programas alimenticios y/o de actividad física sobre la obesidad infantil, (S) estudios controlados aleatorios, publicados entre los años 2015 y 2020. Resultados: Se identificaron 6.388 artículos, pero solo se incluyeron los que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. pero solamente se incluyeron los que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión (34 estudios). Se encontró que las intervenciones más efectivas fueron las combinadas con una duración de intervención media, y la participación de los padres y el sexo pueden influir en la efectividad de estas intervenciones. Conclusión: Las intervenciones que consideran el componente de actividad física y hábitos alimenticios en conjunto son las más efectivas para logar una disminución de los niveles de obesidad en niños de 6 a 12 años de edad.(AU)

Introduction: Physical activity and eating habits are variables to take into account for the analysis and correction of obesity problems. The objective of this review was to evaluate the effects of physical activity and eating habits on obesity levels in children between 6 and 12 years of age. Material and method: A bibliographic search was carried out in the WOS and SCOPUS databases. The eligibility criteria were established based on the acronym PICOS: (P) basic education children between 6 and 12 years of age, (I) studies that carried out interventions of the nutritional component, the physical activity component or a combination of both of them. This in the school, sports and / or family environment, (C) be subjected to evaluation using the PEDRO scale and obtain a score equal to or greater than 7, (O) evaluate the effect of food programs and / or physical activity on childhood obesity, (S) randomized controlled studies, published between 2015 and 2020. Results: 6,388 articles were identified, but only those that met the inclusion criteria were included. but only those that met the inclusion criteria (34 studies) were included. The most effective interventions were found to be those combined with a medium duration of intervention, and parental involvement and gender may influence the effectiveness of these interventions. Conclusion: Interventions that consider the component of physical activity and eating habits together are the most effective in achieving a decrease in obesity levels in children 6 to 12 years of age.(AU)

The Influence of Body Position on Determining Aerobic Exercise Intensity for Healthy Individuals.

To verify the influence of the resting heart rate (RHR) measurement on different positions in the calculation of VO2max intensities in young individuals of both sexes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a correlational design with a sample of 22 men and 11 women, aged 27.8 ± 6.5 years and 29.0 ± 8.6 years, respectively, healthy, active and sedentary, who performed the stress test on a treadmill until fatigue. For the treatment of the data, a repeated measures ANOVA was carried out with Bonferroni's post hoc test. RESULTS: The comparison of the mean values of baseline heart rate (Bhr) between the groups of women and men showed significant differences (t = 2.329; gl 31; p = 0.027). However, no significant differences were noted for lying (t = 0.057; gl 31; p = 0.95), sitting (t = 0.196 gl 31; p = 0.85) or standing (t = -0.290; gl 31; p = 0.77). But in the analysis of the intensities of the RHR in different positions, the calculations with baseline and lying HR were significantly different (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The determination of aerobic training intensities by RHR method must observe the heart rate measurement at rest in the sitting and/or standing positions minutes before the training session.

Anthropometric Characterization and Physical Performance by Age and Biological Maturation in Young Tennis Players.

The objective was to analyze anthropometric and physical performance variables as a function of chronological age and biological maturity in young Chilean tennis players. The study was observational, cross-sectional, with descriptive and analytical characteristics. Eighty-seven tennis players were evaluated (58 men 15.1 ± 0.8 years and 29 women, 15.3 ± 0.8 years). The measured anthropometric variables were a sprint test of 20m; a modified agility test; a sit-and-reach test and shoulder flexibility; manual grip strength; horizontal jump in feet; a medicine ball throw; a countermovement vertical jump; an abalakov vertical jump and a 20-m shuttle-run test. The growth velocity acceleration peak (APHV), skeletal muscle mass and fat mass were calculated, R2 and standard error of estimate (SEE) were examined. The results show that chronological age explained the anthropometric variables between 1 and 23% in men and 1 and 29% in women; by biological age, variables were explained between 3 and 53% in men and 2 and 42% in women. Of the physical performance variables, chronological age described between 2 and 24% of them in men and 1 and 29% in women; the same were explained by biological age between 1 and 19% in men and 1 and 26% in women. We conclude that anthropometric variables showed a better relationship with biological age, except for volume of fat tissue, while physical performance variables showed low association with both biological and chronological age.

Motives of Students for or against the Practice of Physical Exercise and How They Are Related with the Climate in Physical Education Classes.

The main aim of the study was to investigate the reasons that motivate secondary school pupils to practise physical exercise, and how these motives are related to their perception of the climate in physical education classes. Participants: The sample consisted of 448 subjects, 36.8% girls and 63.2% boys, aged between 16 and 19 years (M = 17.61; SD = 0.96). The methodology was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Two instruments were applied: self-reporting by the pupils of their motives for practising physical exercise, and a questionnaire on their attitudes towards teachers' behaviour and the physical education programme. The results showed that the strongest motive for the practice of physical exercise was "Prevention and positive health" (M = 5.29; SD = 1.45). In conclusion, there is a weak correlation among the pupils' motives for practising physical exercise and their perception of the climate in class.

Características morfofuncionales de una muestra de futbolistas profesionales chilenos de primera B según posición de juego / Morfofunctional Characteristics of a Sample From First B Chilean Professional Football Players According to Playing Position

Resumen Objetivo: analizar el perfil morfofuncional de futbolistas profesionales chilenos según su posición de juego. Método: el diseño del estudio fue no experimental, con un alcance descriptivo-correlacional. Se evaluaron 29 futbolistas profesionales de la primera B. Para determinar el porcentaje graso se midieron cuatro pliegues cutáneos y se aplicó la ecuación de Durnin y Womersley; para las variables físicas se aplicó el test de 1 repetición máxima de sentadillas y se utilizó el método de Brzycki para proyectar la fuerza máxima; en fuerza explosiva se ejecutó el Test de Bosco que evalúa el salto Squat Jump (SJ); para la resistencia aeróbica se utilizó el Yoyo test nivel 1 de recuperación, con toma de frecuencia cardiaca (FC) al final y en recuperación (1 minuto). Resultados: se observan solo diferencias significativas en la talla entre arqueros y volantes (F=4.491; p=0.012), esto implica, que la edad, peso y Σ4 pliegues no inciden en la posición de juego. Conclusiones: se observa que, en cada posición de juego, los jugadores presentan una configuración morfofuncional distinta, lo cual permite inferir que el trabajo debe ser diferenciado.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the morphofunctional profile of Chilean professional soccer players according to their playing position. Method: the study design was non-experimental, with a descriptive-correlational scope. Twenty-nine professional soccer players belonging to the Valdivia Sports Club of Chile were evaluated. Fat percentage was established by measuring four skin folds and applying the Durnin and Womersley equation. For the physical variables, the maximum squat repetition test was applied, and the Brzycki method was used to project the maximum force in one repetition. In explosive force, the Bosco Test was performed; this test evaluates the squat jump (SJ). The level 1 recovery Yoyo Test was used for the aerobic resistance, with heart rate (HR) measurement at the end and in recovery (1 minute). Results: Only significant differences in height are observed between goalkeepers and midfielders (F =4.491;p= 0.012); this implies that age, weight, and Σ4 folds do not affect in the playing position. Conclusions: it is observed that, in each game position, the players present a different morphofunctional configuration, which allows inferring that the work must be differentiated.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar o perfil morfofuncional de jogadores profissionais chilenos de futebol segundo sua posição de jogo. Método: o desenho do estudo foi não experimental, de escopo descritivo-correlacional. Foram avaliados 29 jogadores de futebol profissional do primeiro B. Para determinar o percentual de gordura, foram medidas quatro dobras cutâneas e aplicada a equação de Durnin e Womersley; Para as variáveis físicas foi aplicado o teste de 1 repetição máxima de agachamento e utilizado o método de Brzycki para projetar a força máxima; Na força explosiva, foi realizado o Teste de Bosco, que avalia o Salto de Agachamento (SJ); Para a resistência aeróbia, foi utilizado o teste de recuperação Yoyo nível 1, com frequência cardíaca (FC) medida no final e na recuperação (1 minuto). Resultados: foram observadas apenas diferenças significativas na altura entre goleiros e petecas (F = 4,491; p = 0,012), isso implica que idade, peso e Σ4 dobras não interferem na posição de jogo. Conclusões: observa-se que, em cada posição de jogo, os jogadores apresentam uma configuração morfofuncional diferente, o que permite inferir que o trabalho deve ser diferenciado.

Effects of Two Physical Training Programs on the Cognitive Status of a Group of Older Adults in Chile.

INTRODUCTION: The effect of two physical training methods on older adults should be investigated in greater depth and its results shared with the community. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of two types of physical training on the functional features associated with the cognitive state and the effect on a physiological mediator of growth hormone (IGF-1) in older women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental study that included 12 weeks of training in two groups divided into resistance and aerobic training. The study included a population of 113 women aged 69.39 ± 6.48 years from Talcahuano, Chile. All participants were randomly assigned to either group. The MINIMENTAL test was used to examine the executive functions of cognitive state and blood concentration of IGF-1, which was also used to examine neurotrophic factors. For the assessment of physical condition, an indirect test was used for the maximum mass displaced in one repetition (1RM) by the limbs and the TM6 test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption. RESULTS: Significant differences between the groups with respect to the total score obtained in the MINIMENTAL test (EG1 = 28.13 ± 2.26; EG2 = 28.57 ± 1.83 and CG = 23.47 ± 2.80; ANOVA; p = 0.000) were observed. A post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences when examining executive functions individually between groups (Bonferroni; p > 0.05). An increase in the neurotrophic factor IGF-1 was also recorded in the training groups (EG1 p = 0.014 and EG2 p = 0.005). The pre- and post-test showed large differences in magnitude in the resistance training group (ES = 0.9; 20.41% change). CONCLUSION: Both workouts produce an overall improvement in the functions associated with cognitive status and increase blood concentrations of IGF-1 in older adults.

Raising Children in Risk Neighborhoods from Chile: Examining the Relationship between Parenting Stress and Parental Adjustment.

INTRODUCTION: Parenting stress and parental adjustment could implicate key differences in the relational dynamics that parents establish with their children, particularly when families come from vulnerable social contexts. METHOD: Participants were 142 fathers and mothers from a risk neighborhood of Chile. The variables examined were parenting stress (parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child) and parental adjustment (depression, anxiety, and stress). Parents also completed a sociodemographic characterization survey. The statistical analyses were a correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Overall, not all components of parenting stress were related to parental adjustment. Only parental distress was found as a significant predictor of poor parental adjustment (greater depression, anxiety, and stress), but not parent-child dysfunctional interaction and having a difficult child. CONCLUSIONS: The present study findings highlight the influence of stress on parenting as a relevant dimension of research for the improvement of the intervention deployed by the state regarding the protection of vulnerable Chilean children, providing multiple clinical and psychosocial applications for research and intervention purposes.

Composición corporal, somatotipo, rendimiento en salto vertical y consumo máximo de oxígeno en futbolistas profesionales y universitarios / Body composition, somatotype, vertical jump performance and maximal oxygen consumption in professional and university soccer players

RESUMEN. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar la composición corporal, somatotipo, rendimiento en el salto vertical y consumo máximo de oxígeno en futbolistas profesionales y universitarios de Chillán. Metodología:El presente estudio es de tipo transversal, descriptivo y comparativo, con una muestra no probabilística y por conveniencia. Se evaluarona 52 futbolistas varones; 18 corresponden a jugadores profesionales y 34 universitarios. El perfil antropométrico (índice de masa corporal, composición corporal y somatotipo) se obtuvo a través delos protocolos de la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Kinantropometría (ISAK), el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) por medio del Yo-Yo test IR1 y capacidad de salto a través del protocolo de Bosco, utilizando una plataforma de contacto Axon Jump.El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS v.21;para comparar a ambos grupos se utilizó el estadístico T-Student para muestras independientes (p<0,05). Resultados: Los resultados muestran que los futbolistas profesionales reportanun mayor porcentaje de masa muscular (p<0,001) y un menor porcentaje de masa grasa (p<0,001) en comparación a los universitarios. Los análisis de somatotipo indican que los jugadores profesionales se clasifican como meso-ectomórfico en comparación a los jugadores universitarios, quienes se clasificaron como meso-endomórfico. Finalmente, en cuanto a los resultados en las pruebas físicas los profesionales obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la capacidad de salto (p<0,001) y en el VO2máx (p<0,001).Conclusión: Los futbolistas profesionales tienen características corporales, somatotípicas y físicas que les permiten sobresalir con respecto a los futbolistas universitarios. Estos datos servirán a los entrenadores universitarios para disponer de los parámetros respecto de características y condiciones a trabajar para acercarse al alto rendimiento.

ABSTRACT. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe and compare the body composition, somatotype, vertical jump performance and maximum oxygen consumption in professional and university soccer players from Chillán. Methodology: The present study is cross-sectional, descriptive and comparative, with a non-probabilistic sample and for convenience. 52 male soccer players were evaluated; 18 correspond to professional players and 34 university players. The anthropometric profile (body mass index, body composition and somatotype) was obtained through the International Society for the Advancement of Kinantropometry (ISAK) protocols, the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) by means of the Yo-Yo test IR1 and ability to jump through the Bosco protocol using an Axon Jump contact platform. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical program SPSS v.21, to compare both groups the T-Student statistic was used for independent samples (p <0.05).Results: The results show that professional soccer players report a higher percentage of muscle mass (p <0.001) and a lower percentage of fatmass (p <0.001) compared to university players. Somatotype analyzes indicate that professional gamers are classified as meso-ectomorphic compared to college players, who are classified as meso-endomorphic. Finally, regarding the results in the physical tests, the professionals obtained significant differences in jumping ability (p <0.001) and in VO2 max (p <0.001).Conclusion: Professional soccer players have bodily, somatotypic and physical characteristics that allow them to stand out comparated to university soccer players. These data will serve university coaches to have the parameters regarding characteristics and conditions to work to approach high performance.

Different Shoulder Exercises Affect the Activation of Deltoid Portions in Resistance-Trained Individuals.

The aims of this study were to compare muscle activity of the anterior deltoid, medial deltoid, and posterior deltoid in the bench press, dumbbell fly, shoulder press, and lateral raise exercises. Thirteen men experienced in strength training volunteered for the study. Muscle activation was recorded during maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MVIC) for data normalization, and during one set of 12 repetitions with the load of 60% 1RM in all exercises proposed. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni's posthoc was applied using a 5% significance level. For anterior deltoid, the shoulder press (33.3% MVIC) presented a significantly higher level of activation when compared to other exercises. Also, no significant difference was found between the bench press (21.4% MVIC), lateral raise (21.2% MVIC), and dumbbell fly (18.8% MVIC). For the medial deltoid, the lateral raise (30.3% MVIC) and shoulder press (27.9% MVIC) presented a significantly higher level of activity than the bench press (5% MVIC) and dumbbell fly (3.4% MVIC). Besides, no significant difference was found between the bench press and the dumbbell fly. For the posterior deltoid, the lateral raise (24% MVIC) presented a significantly higher level of activation when compared to other exercises. For the posterior deltoid portion, the shoulder press (11.4% MVIC) was significantly more active than the bench press (3.5% MVIC) and dumbbell fly (2.5% MVIC). Moreover, no significant difference was found between the bench press and the dumbbell fly. In conclusion, the shoulder press and lateral raise exercises showed a higher level of muscle activation in the anterior deltoid and medial deltoid when compared to the bench press and dumbbell fly exercises.

Valoración del estado nutricional y la condición física de estudiantes de educación básica de Chile / Assessment of the nutritional status and physical condition of basic education students in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: actualmente, el ejercicio físico practicado de manera regular es la mejor herramienta disponible para fomentar el bienestar de las personas y una mejor salud. OBJETIVO: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de condición física y el estado nutricional, así como la relación entre estos, en estudiantes de enseñanza básica de la ciudad de Chillán. MÉTODOS: el estudio es de tipo descriptivo, de corte transversal y relacional. Participaron 2500 estudiantes. Para evaluar la condición física se utilizaron los siguientes test: Wells y Dillons (flexibilidad), Sargent Test (potencia miembros inferiores), Test de 1 Milla de la AAPHARD (capacidad aeróbica) y Abdominales en 30 segundos (capacidad muscular localizada). RESULTADOS: al comparar por sexos, los hombres presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en las variables físicas de capacidad aeróbica (p = 0,00), abdominales (p = 0,00) y salto (p = 0,00); solo en el caso de la flexibilidad las mujeres presentaron mejores resultados (p = 0,01). Al relacionar el IMC con la capacidad física se observa una relación negativa en ambos sexos, es decir: a mayor IMC, menor es la cantidad de abdominales realizados (r = -0,032; r = -0,084, mujeres y hombres, respectivamente) y la capacidad aeróbica (r = -0,063 y r = -0,023, mujeres y hombres, respectivamente). En flexibilidad y salto se observa una correlación positiva, aunque esta es insignificante. CONCLUSIÓN: los hombres y las mujeres con normopeso presentan una mejor condición física en comparación con quienes presentan sobrepeso u obesidad. En cuanto al sexo, los hombres presentan una mejor condición física salvo en la prueba de flexibilidad, donde las mujeres presentan los mejores resultados. Además, se observa una relación negativa en ambos sexos entre la condición física y la composición corporal, donde un IMC elevado se traduce en un bajo nivel de rendimiento físico

INTRODUCTION: currently, regular physical exercise is the best tool available to promote people's well-being and improve their health. OBJECTIVE: the objective of the study was to determine the level of physical condition and nutritional status, as well as the relationship between them, in elementary school students in the city of Chillán. METHODS: the study is of the descriptive, cross-sectional, relational type. A total of 2500 students participated. To evaluate physical condition, the followingtests were used: Wells and Dillons (flexibility), Sargent Test (lower limb power), AAPHARD's 1-Mile Test (cardiorespiratory resistance), and Sit-ups in 30 seconds (localized muscular resistance). RESULTS: when comparing by sex, men presented significant statistical differences in the physical variables of aerobic capacity (p = 0.00), situps (p = 0.00) and jumping (p = 0.00); only in the case of flexibility did women present better results (p = 0.01). When relating BMI to physical capacity a negative relationship is observed in both sexes-that is, the higher the BMI, the lower the amount of sit-ups (r = -0.032; r = -0.084, women and men, respectively) and aerobic capacity (r = -0.063 and r = -0.023, women and men, respectively). In flexibility and jump a positive though negligible correlation was observed. CONCLUSION: normal-weight men and women have a better physical condition as compared to those with overweight or obesity. As for sex, men have a better physical condition except for the flexibility test, where women obtain the best results. In addition, a negative relationship is observed in both sexes between physical condition and body composition, where a high BMI results in a low level of physical performance

[Assessment of the nutritional status and physical condition of basic education students in Chile]. / Valoración del estado nutricional y la condición física de estudiantes de educación básica de Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: currently, regular physical exercise is the best tool available to promote people's well-being and improve their health. Objective: the objective of the study was to determine the level of physical condition and nutritional status, as well as the relationship between them, in elementary school students in the city of Chillán. Methods: the study is of the descriptive, cross-sectional, relational type. A total of 2500 students participated. To evaluate physical condition, the followingtests were used: Wells and Dillons (flexibility), Sargent Test (lower limb power), AAPHARD's 1-Mile Test (cardiorespiratory resistance), and Sit-ups in 30 seconds (localized muscular resistance). Results: when comparing by sex, men presented significant statistical differences in the physical variables of aerobic capacity (p = 0.00), sit-ups (p = 0.00) and jumping (p = 0.00); only in the case of flexibility did women present better results (p = 0.01). When relating BMI to physical capacity a negative relationship is observed in both sexes-that is, the higher the BMI, the lower the amount of sit-ups (r = -0.032; r = -0.084, women and men, respectively) and aerobic capacity (r = -0.063 and r = -0.023, women and men, respectively). In flexibility and jump a positive though negligible correlation was observed. Conclusion: normal-weight men and women have a better physical condition as compared to those with overweight or obesity. As for sex, men have a better physical condition except for the flexibility test, where women obtain the best results. In addition, a negative relationship is observed in both sexes between physical condition and body composition, where a high BMI results in a low level of physical performance.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: actualmente, el ejercicio físico practicado de manera regular es la mejor herramienta disponible para fomentar el bienestar de las personas y una mejor salud. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de condición física y el estado nutricional, así como la relación entre estos, en estudiantes de enseñanza básica de la ciudad de Chillán. Métodos: el estudio es de tipo descriptivo, de corte transversal y relacional. Participaron 2500 estudiantes. Para evaluar la condición física se utilizaron los siguientes test: Wells y Dillons (flexibilidad), Sargent Test (potencia miembros inferiores), Test de 1 Milla de la AAPHARD (capacidad aeróbica) y Abdominales en 30 segundos (capacidad muscular localizada). Resultados: al comparar por sexos, los hombres presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en las variables físicas de capacidad aeróbica (p = 0,00), abdominales (p = 0,00) y salto (p = 0,00); solo en el caso de la flexibilidad las mujeres presentaron mejores resultados (p = 0,01). Al relacionar el IMC con la capacidad física se observa una relación negativa en ambos sexos, es decir: a mayor IMC, menor es la cantidad de abdominales realizados (r = -0,032; r = -0,084, mujeres y hombres, respectivamente) y la capacidad aeróbica (r = -0,063 y r = -0,023, mujeres y hombres, respectivamente). En flexibilidad y salto se observa una correlación positiva, aunque esta es insignificante. Conclusión: los hombres y las mujeres con normopeso presentan una mejor condición física en comparación con quienes presentan sobrepeso u obesidad. En cuanto al sexo, los hombres presentan una mejor condición física salvo en la prueba de flexibilidad, donde las mujeres presentan los mejores resultados. Además, se observa una relación negativa en ambos sexos entre la condición física y la composición corporal, donde un IMC elevado se traduce en un bajo nivel de rendimiento físico.